Abstract: Background: Undernutrition is an important public health issue affecting a large number of children, especially in low and middle-income countries. Undernourished children have a higher risk of death, illness, poor physical and cognitive development, and increased risk of chronic disease in older age. The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of different forms of undernutrition among Garo children. Method: The cross-sectional data were collected from 90 Garo children (40 girls and 50 boys) aged below 8 years through random sampling from Chidaogre village of West Garo Hills, Meghalaya. Data on the child’s health, undernutrition, health check-up, immunization, duration of breastfeeding, mothers’ age at marriage and socioeconomic conditions, etc. were collected. Anthropometric measurements were also taken from the children. Result: The frequency of both underweight (boys-30.0%, girls-15.0%) and thinness (boys-32.0%, girls-20.0%) was higher among boys than girls. Stunting was found to be higher among girls (22.5%) than boys (16.0%). The frequency of underweight (43.7%) and stunting (37.5%) was found higher among boys from low-income families. The higher frequency of underweight (girls-22.2%, boys-56.2%), stunting (girls-33.3%, boys-31.2%) and thinness (girls-33.3%, boys-43.7%) was found in both boys and girls whose mothers married before 18 years of age. Conclusion: The study highlights the high prevalence of undernutrition among children. Girls of illiterate or primary educated mothers have a higher frequency of undernutrition. Mothers who married before 18 years of age have higher undernourished children. Immunized girls show a lower prevalence of undernutrition, though it varies among boys.
Key words: Undernutrition, children, immunization, breastfeeding, socioeconomic conditions

Abstract: Introduction: The distal end of the radius bone is pivotal in maintaining the stability of the wrist joint. This area is particularly prone to fractures more than the upper end especially among the elderly population and its morphometric measurements can vary significantly across different ethnic groups. Therefore a thorough knowledge of the bony architecture of the lower end of the radius and its variations is crucial for designing the distal radius plate prosthesis for wrist fracture surgery and for reconstruction of flexor pollicis longus tendon. Aim of the study: To analyse the morphology and morphometric features of distal end of radius for understanding their clinical implications in orthopedic practice. Methods: 110 dry human radius bones were collected and the following parameters were studied including styloid process length, circumferential diameter at the distal end and the inferior articular surface lateral and medial facet shape. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Software version 16. Result: The mean length of right styloid process was 1.15 ± 0.16 cm and left side was 1.10 ± 0.14cm. In contrast the lateral facets was primarily triangular on right side in 67% and on left side in 96% with a smaller percentage of oval shapes on right side 32% and left side 5.4% and no quadrangular shapes were observed. Conclusion: The current study shows that length of the styloid process and the morphology of the inferior articular facet on the right side exhibits distinct characteristics in the population.
Key words: Carpal facets, Radial Styloid process, Circumferential Diameter

Abstract: Background and Objectives: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular diseases, respiratory disorders, diabetes, and cancer, are leading causes of global morbidity and mortality. While lifestyle factors are well-recognized contributors, environmental exposures, particularly air pollution, are increasing implicated in NCD pathogenesis. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluate the association between air pollution exposure and NCD risk. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library for studies published between January 2015 and December 2024. Eligible studies included epidemiological research assessing exposure to major air pollutants – PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, NOx, SO2 and CO, and their association with NCDs. Statistical analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4, with pooled effect sizes expressed as mean differences (MD) or odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic. Results and Interpretation: A total of 12 studies involving 7,43,083 patients met inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis showed a significant association (P<0.0001) between NCDs and without NCDs (OR: 0.05, 95% CI: 0.01–0.21), I²= t100% heterogeneity present among the studies. Meta-analysis showed significant associations between PM2.5 [MD:0.35(95%CI:0.11–0.59), P=0.005], PM10 [MD:0.66(95% CI:0.17–1.16), P=0.008], NO2 [MD:0.56(95%CI:0.15–0.97), P= 0.007] and CO [MD:4.13(95% CI:1.25-7.01), P=0.005] with increased NCD risk. High heterogeneity (I²>90%) was noted in PM2.5, PM10, NO2, O3, and SO2 air pollutants except NOx, CO. No significant differences were found for O3, NOx, and SO2. Conclusion: This study highlights a strong association between PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and CO exposure and increased NCD risk. While O3, NOx, and SO2 showed weaker associations, findings stress reducing air pollution. Significant heterogeneity underscores the complexity of health impacts, emphasizing the need for context-specific public health interventions.
Key words: Air pollution, non-communicable diseases, Air pollutants

Abstract: Suicide in India presents a complex public health challenge characterized by rising rates and pronounced regional disparities, particularly affecting young adults. The multifactorial determinants span psychological, social, economic and cultural domains, necessitating a comprehensive investigation. This study aimed to examine temporal trends, regional variations, demographic patterns, and psychosocial impacts of suicide in India to inform tailored prevention and support strategies.A secondary analysis of National Crime Records Bureau suicide data (2020-2023) was conducted alongside an integrative literature review of peer-reviewed epidemiological and qualitative studies. Quantitative and qualitative data were triangulated to explore suicide’s multifaceted effects, considering methodological limitations such as underreporting and data heterogeneity.Findings revealed escalating suicide rates, with significant burden among young adults and certain states like Kerala and Sikkim. Families experience profound psychological distress compounded by stigma, while the community ripple effect extends suicide’s impact widely. Regional and demographic disparities underscore the need for localized, culturally sensitive interventions.Addressing India’s suicide crisis required integrated, contextually relevant prevention and postvention framework supported by improved data quality and sustained research efforts to mitigate the pervasive psychosocial and public health consequences.
Key words: India, Public Health concern, Suicide prevention, Suicide Trends.

Abstract: Papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) are the most common thyroid tumours that usually have a good prognosis. Recurrence, metastases, and cancer death may occur in a few patients and are more commonly associated with more aggressive tumours, such as tall cell, columnar cell, diffuse sclerosing variants and the rare hobnail variant of PTC. We present the clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features of a rare aggressive variant of the PTC showing prominent hobnail features. A 68 year old male patient presented with swelling over the neck and change in voice of 5 months duration .USG and CECT revealed large hypodense enhancing nodule measuring 2.9x2.7x.3.7 cm (APxTRxCC) epicentered at superior aspect of right lobe of thyroid gland. Preoperative diagnosis with fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of right thyroid nodule was opined as Bethesda category V suspicious for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (PTC). Histopathological sections of right lobe of thyroid showed features of Hobnail variant of papillary Thyroid carcinoma with presence of tumour arranged in arborising papillary architecture with fibrovascular cores. More than 30% of lining cells had nuclei at the surface and showed hobnailing. This case is reported for its rarity and association with aggressive behaviour thus mandating awareness about this entity amongst all clinicians, pathologists and patients so as to enable early diagnosis, treatment and prognostication.
Key words: Hobnail variant Papillary carcinoma thyroid.

Abstract: Congenital anomalies of the gallbladder, such as the bilobed gallbladder (vesica fellea divisa), are rare clinical entities with an estimated incidence of 1 in 4,000 live births. These variations pose significant intraoperative challenges, particularly when compounded by a "frozen abdomen" from previous surgical interventions. We report a unique case of a 30-year-old male with a history of open surgery for hepatic hydatid disease who presented with recurrent right hypochondrium pain and vomiting. Preoperative imaging identified a large splenic hydatid cyst and cholelithiasis. While the splenic cyst was managed laparoscopically after insertion of the first trocar via Palmer’s point to avoid suspected adhesions, the gallbladder surgery required conversion to an open approach due to dense, matted adhesions at the gallbladder bed. Intraoperatively, a rare vesica fellea divisa (Boyden’s type) was discovered, containing multiple calculi in both lobes but draining into a single cystic duct. A total cholecystectomy was successfully performed. Histopathological examination confirmed a splenic hydatid cyst and chronic cholecystitis with no evidence of malignancy. The patient remained asymptomatic and expressed high satisfaction at his six-month follow-up. This case underscores the rarity of splenic hydatidosis and the critical need for surgical flexibility and meticulous anatomical delineation when encountering unexpected congenital biliary anomalies in a re-operative surgical field.
Key words: Bilobed gallbladder, Splenic hydatid cyst, Boyden's classification, Frozen abdomen, Cholecystectomy, Vesica fellea divisa.

Abstract: Mucinous neoplasms of ovary are diagnostically challenging, especially delineating these tumours as to primary or metastatic in nature, is crucial for effective management. Fifty year female presented with lower abdominal pain since one month. Imaging was suggestive of cystic lesions in both ovaries, likely neoplastic along with ascites. Provisional diagnosis of primary ovarian neoplasm was made. Ascitic fluid revealed jelly like material on gross examination; cytology and cell block was reported as pseudomyxoma peritoni. Gross and histopatholgy features revealed diagnosis of bilateral benign mucinous cystadenoma. However, at immunohistochemistry, mucinous epithelium was positive for CK20, SATB2 and negative for CK7, PAX8 and p16 suggesting metastasis from lower gastrointestinal tract. Further surgical exploration was done, confirming appendiceal low grade mucinous neoplasm at histopathology as primary tumour. This case emphasizes the diagnostic challenges posed by mucinous ovarian neoplasm and the critical role of comprehensive diagnostic evaluation to avoid misdiagnosis and ensure accurate treatment.
Key words: Pseudomyxoma peritonei, mucinous ovarian neoplasm, jelly belly abdomen